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+===== T16: Effect of microstructure and conditions (Part 2) =====
+//This tutorial was tested on\\
+MatCalc version 6.00 rel 1.003\\
+license: free\\
+database: mc_fe.tdb; mc_fe.ddb//
+==== Complimentary files ====
+Click {{:tutorials:t16:script:t16_6021003.mcs|here}} to view the script for this tutorial
+==== Contents: ====
+  * Simultaneous precipitation of two phases
+  * Effect of dislocation density
+  * Effect of grain diameter
+  * Subgrains and elongation factors
+===== Before starting... =====
+Re-open the workspace saved from Tutorial 15 and save it under a new name.
+===== Simultaneous precipitation of cementite and M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> =====
+FIXME
+==== Setup ====
+Open **'Global > Phase status'** and create a precipitate phase from M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>. In the **'Nucleation'** tab, set the nucleus composition model to **'ortho-equilibrium'**. Set the nucleation sites to **'Grain boundaries'** in the **'Nucl. sites'** tab.\\
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_m23c6_nucl_sites_2016.png?650| MatCalc plot}}
+In **'Global > Precipitation domains > General'**, reset the dislocation density to its default value of **'1e12'** m<sup>-2</sup>. The default grain diameter is **'100e-6'** m, and it is this which governs the density of M23C6_P0 nucleation sites. Modify the existing five plots to contain the following series:
+  - **<nowiki>F$CEMENTITE_P0, F$M23C6_P0</nowiki>** (fraction of cementite and M23C6 precipitated, respectively)
+  - **<nowiki>XPR$CEMENTITE_P0$CR, X$BCC_A2$CR</nowiki>** (Cr content of cementite precipitates and matrix, respectively)
+  - **<nowiki>X$BCC_A2$C</nowiki>** (C content of matrix)
+  - **<nowiki>NUM_PREC$CEMENTITE_P0, NUM_PREC$M23C6_P0</nowiki>** (number of cementite and M23C6 precipitates, respectively)
+  - **<nowiki>R_MEAN$CEMENTITE_P0, R_MEAN$M23C6_P0</nowiki>** (mean radius of cementite and M23C6 precipitates, respectively)
+Run the kinetic simulation, with an isothermal heat treatment at **600°C** as before, and an end time of **3.6e+10 s**.
+==== Interpretation of results ====
+Plot 1: Cementite appears rapidly and reaches a steady-state precipitate fraction. M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> starts to form after around 1 hour at 600°C; this is at the expense of cementite, which redissolves. By the end of the simulation, all the cementite has dissolved and M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> has reached its equilibrium phase fraction.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot1_ph_fraction_2016.png| MatCalc plot}}
+Plot 2: This shows that cementite enrichment has started in the time of the cementite dissolution.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot2_cr_content_2016.png| MatCalc plot}}
+Plot 3: The depletion of the matrix in carbon occurs in two stages. The first of these corresponds to the formation of cementite, and the second to the formation of M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot3_c_content_matrix_2016.png| MatCalc plot}}
+Plot 4: The number of M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> precipitates is lower than the one cementite precipitates which is due to the lower amount of the nucleation sites - there are less sites on the grain boundaries than on the dislocations. The reduction in the number of cementite precipitates is both due to the coarsening and the phase dissolution stages:
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot4_number_ppt_2016.png| MatCalc}}
+Plot 5: There is an intermediate stage between the growth and coarsening phases for the cementite precipitates (plateau between 10<sup>-6</sup> - 10<sup>-3</sup> hours). The maximal size of the cementite precipitates is in the micrometer range.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot5_mean_radius_2016.png| MatCalc}}
+===== Effect of dislocation density =====
+Duplicate and lock the series and re-run the simulation with a dislocation density of **1e14 m<sup>-2</sup>**, leaving the grain size the same.
+==== Results: ====
+The onset of cementite precipitation occurs earlier with a higher dislocation density, but the kinetics of cementite dissolution and of M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> precipitation are unchanged. The plot below shows a significant increase (note log scale) in the number of cementite precipitates formed.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot6_dd_number_ppt_2016.png| MatCalc plot}}
+With a higher dislocation density, the cementite particles do not become so large during the growth stage. However, coarsening begins earlier, and the curve of radius versus time for the coarsening precipitates eventually becomes parallel with that for the lower dislocation density.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot7_dd_mean_radius_2016.png| MatCalc plot}}
+===== Effect of grain diameter =====
+Reopen **'Global > Precipitation domains > General'**. Reset the dislocation density to **1e12 m<sup>-2</sup>**, set the grain diameter to **10e-6 m** and re-run the simulation.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_grain_diameter_2017.png?650| MatCalc plot}}
+==== Results: ====
+As might be expected, reducing the grain diameter accelerates the precipitation kinetics of M23C6, by providing more nucleation sites. It also accelerates the dissolution of cementite, which begins to dissolve when M23C6 starts to precipitate.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot8_gd_ph_fraction_2016.png| MatCalc plot}}
+The plot below shows the effect on the number of M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> of reducing the grain size from 10<sup>-4</sup> to 10<sup>-5</sup> m. The number of M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> increased due to more nucleation sites available.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot9_gd_number_ppt_2016.png| MatCalc plot}}
+In the plot of radius against time, the maximum cementite radius attained is reduced, because there is less time available for coarsening of this phase before dissolution sets in.
+{{:tutorials:t16:img:t16_plot10_gd_mean_radius_2016.png| MatCalc plot}}
+===== Consecutive articles =====
+The tutorial is continued in article [[tutorials:T17 | T17 - Multi-stage heat treatment]]
+Go to [[:tutorials|MatCalc tutorial index]].