| Previous revisionLast revision |
| — | tutorials:trx [2017/10/25 12:55] – pwarczok |
|---|
| | ===== T28: Strain induced precipitates ===== |
| | |
| | //This tutorial was tested on\\ |
| | MatCalc version 6.00 rel 0.282\\ |
| | license: free\\ |
| | database: mc_fe.tdb; mc_fe.ddb// |
| | |
| | ==== Complimentary files ==== |
| | |
| | Click {{:tutorials:t21:script:t21.mcs|here}} to view the script for this tutorial |
| | |
| | ==== Contents: ==== |
| | |
| | * Activation of recrystallization model |
| | * Kinetic simulation of recrystallization process |
| | |
| | Deformation of the material introduces new dislocations into the microstructure. These surplus dislocations will create the substrucuture by ordering themselves into the subgrain walls during the recovery process. MatCalc includes a model describing the transformation of the newly subgrains into the new recrystallized grains, as described at Buken et al. This tutorial shows the procedure to activate the recrystallization model, presents the typical result of the recrystallization kinetics simulation and discusses the output values of the parameters obtained during the simulation. |
| | |
| | ===== Setting up the system ===== |
| | |
| | Create a new workspace and open the **'mc_fe.tdb'** database. Select the elements **'Fe'**, **'Nb'** and **'C'**, together with the **'FCC_A1'** phase. Click on 'Read' instead of 'Read & Close', as the subsequent step is to read the diffusion database in this window. Select **'Diffusion data'** on the left side and read the **'mc_fe.ddb'** database. Enter the composition of **0.1 wt.% C** and **0.02 wt.% Nb**. Click on **'Set automatic startvalues'** and calculate an equilibrium at the initial 1000°C.\\ |
| | |
| | ==== REMOVE? Phase solubilities REMOVE? ==== |
| | |
| | In order to have some insight into the system equilibria, perform a stepped equilibrium calculation. In **'Stepped euilibrium '** window select the temperature range of 400-1400°C with the step of 10°C. Click on **'OK'** |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_step_equilib.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | The phase fractions can be plotted by calling the appropriate user-defined window. In **'View'** -> **'Create new window'**, select the 'user defined' tab. There, select '01_all_phase_fractions over T_celsius_logY' and click on 'OK'. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_user_defined_equilib_2017.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | This will result in the plot looking like the one shown below. From this diagram it can be concluded that NbC precipitates below 1300°C and the ferrite will form below 850°C. |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_equilib_phase_fractions.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | ==== Precipiation domains and phases ==== |
| | |
| | Next, create a precipitation domain called **'austenite'** in the 'Precipitation domains ...' window. Select **FCC_A1** as the **thermodynamic matrix phase**.\\ |
| | |
| | Now, define the precipitate phase settings in **'Phase status'** window. Select **'FCC_A1#01'** and click on **'Create'** and **'precipitate (_Pnn'**). In 'Nucleation' -> 'Sites' set 'dislocations' as nucleation sites (and remove the checkmark from 'bulk'). |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_nbc_austen_initial_set.png?650| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | Create a precipitation domain called **'matrix'** in the 'Precipitation domains ...' window. Select **FCC_A1** as the **thermodynamic matrix phase**.\\ |
| | |
| | In the current recrystallization model, the newly recrystallized grains form from subgrain created during the recovery process following the material deformation. First, the subgrain formation and size evolution will be investigated. The subgrains are generated by the ordering of the excess dislocations introduced during the deformation preocess. Hence, the next thing to do will be to activate the substructure evolution model. Switch to the **'MS Evolution'** tab, select **'Substructure'** tab inside and choose **'1-param - Sherstnev-Lang-Kozeschnik - 'ABC' '** as the model for the substructure evolution. |
| | |
| | ==== Thermo-mechanical treatment ==== |
| | |
| | The last step before the initial kinetics simulation is the definition of the thermo-mehanical treatment. In **'Global'** -> **'Thermo-mech. treatments ...'** create a new treatment with the name **'cooling'**. Next, create a segment in which the austenite domain will be cooled from **1300°C** to **750°C** with **1°C/s** cooling rate |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_cooling_segment.png?650| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_cooling_treatment_2017.png?650| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | ===== Kinetics simulation of simple cooling process ===== |
| | |
| | With all the setup procedures done, perform the kinetics simulation. Click on **'Calc' -> 'Precipitation kinetics'**. Select the **'cooling'** treatment in the **'Temperature control ...'** area and click on **'Go'**. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_prec_kin_settings.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | Once the calculation is completed, use the 'user defined plots' for visualizing the phase fraction, number density and mean radius evolution of the precipitates, as well as the temperature profile. Click on **'View' -> 'Create new window'**, select the **'user-defined'** tab and choose the last entry **'03_kinetics_4_frames_T_f_n_r_linX'**. Click on **'OK'**. Set the start of the scaling range to **'1'**. The analysis of the created plots reveals a somewhat unspectacular precipitaition of NbC phase after 200 s (below 1100°C) that reaches the number density of 1e18 m<sup>-3</sup> and stays in the nanometer range. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_temp_kin.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_cool_phase_fraction.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_cool_number_density.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_cool_mean_radius.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | |
| | By clicking on **'Global' -> 'Buffers' -> 'Rename'**, rename the current buffer to **'Cooling'**. |
| | |
| | ===== Effect of volumetric misfit ===== |
| | |
| | In general, the precipitates show usually different crystallographic features from the matrix phase. This will be the source of the stress acting on the precipitates within the grain which needs to be considered especially during the nucleation stage. As for now, all the simulations were performed in the previous tutorial were neglecting this factor. Now it will be demonstrated how this effect can be intorduced into the simulation and what is the effect of it. |
| | |
| | Click on **'Global' -> 'Phase status'** and select **'Structure'** tab. In the field **'vol. misfit (dV/V)'** type in the values of **'0.1'** for the precipitate phase. This represents the stress coming from the precipitate volume differing by 10% from the matrix volume. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_vol_misfit.png?650| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | Next, in **'Nucleation' -> 'Controls'** tab put a checkmark at the 'account for coherent misfit stress' for the precipitate phase. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_vol_misfit_nucl_2017.png?650| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | Click on 'OK' to close the window. Create a new buffer with the name **'Vol_misfit'**. With this buffer selected, perform again the kinetic simulation. Once the simulation is completed, duplicate and lock all series in the plots, then switch the displayed buffer to 'Vol_misfit'. As it can be noticed, the definition of the volumetric misfit decreased amount of the precipitated phase. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_misfit_phase_fraction.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_misfit_number_density.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_misfit_mean_radius.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | |
| | ===== Simulation of deformation process ===== |
| | |
| | When deformation process is to be simulated, there are basically three things to be modified in the treatment: |
| | |
| | * Activation of the dislocation density evolution model.\\ |
| | * Definition of the deformation rates and temperatures.\\ |
| | * Deactivation of the volumetric misfit effect for the nucleation during the deformation.\\ |
| | |
| | ==== Evolution of dislocation density ==== |
| | |
| | The deformation will change the microstructure of the alloy. Here, the change of the dislocation density by the deformation is presented. |
| | |
| | Click on **'Global' -> 'Precipitation domains'**. The simulated deformation will be performed in the austenite region, so select austenite as a precipitation domain and switch to the **'MS Evolution'** tab. Inside, select **'Substructure'** tab and select **'1-param - Sherstnev-Lang-Kozeschnik - 'ABC''** as the model for the substructure evolution. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_sub_model_select_2017.png?650}} |
| | |
| | You might notice some parameters in the 'Dislocation generation and anihilation ...' section which describe the generation of the dislocations (**'A'**-parameter) and their anihilation during the static (**'B'**-parameter) and dynamic recovery (**'C'**-parameter). Leave all the parameters there on the default value. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_sub_model_parameters_2017.png?650}} |
| | |
| | |
| | ==== Thermo-mechanical treatmens settings ==== |
| | |
| | In this simulation, three deformation runs will be represented. Click on **'Global' -> 'Thermo-mech. treatments'** and create a new treatment with the name 'deformation'. The first segment will have the starting temperature of 1300°C but the end temperature will be 1000°C with the cooling rate of 1 K/s. In the next segment, change the ramp control setting to **'Accumulated strain'** and set the **'Accumulated strain'** value to **'0.7'**. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_deformation_segment_1.png?650}} |
| | |
| | Afterwards, switch to the **'MS Evolution'** tab and type in the strain_rate value of **'0.15'**. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_deformation_segment_2_2017.png?650}} |
| | |
| | The definition of the next segments should follow the settings below: |
| | |
| | - End temperature of 950°C with 1 K/s rate. |
| | - Deformation at 950°C with strain rate of 0.15 increasing the strain by 0.7. |
| | - End temperature of 900°C with 1 K/s rate. |
| | - Deformation at 900°C with strain rate of 0.15 increasing the strain by 0.7. |
| | - End temperature of 750°C with 1 K/s rate. |
| | |
| | The complete treatment data are shown below. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_deformation_treatment_2017.png?650}} |
| | |
| | ==== Deactivation of the volumetric misfit ==== |
| | |
| | As previously mentioned, some volumetric misfit might be present related to the precipitates appearing in the grains, decreasing thus their nucleation rate. However, the stress introduced during the applied deformation can cancel this effect. To account for this in MatCalc, clicking on **'Global' -> 'Phase status'** and select the **'Nucleation' -> 'Controls'** tab. Put a checkmark at **'ignore misfit stress during deformation'** for both precipitate phases. Click on 'OK' to close the window. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_ignore_misfit_deform_2017.png?650}} |
| | |
| | ==== Kinetic simulation ==== |
| | |
| | Click on **'Global' -> 'Buffers' -> 'Create'** to create a new buffer with the name **'Deformation'**. Afterwards, click on **'Calc' -> 'Precipitation kinetics'** and select the deformation treatment. Start the calculation by clicking on **'OK'**. The results of the precipitation kinetics calculation are shown now with the blue curve. |
| | |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_deformation_phase_fraction.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_deformation_number_density.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | {{:tutorials:t21:img:t21_deformation_mean_radius.png| MatCalc plot}} |
| | |
| | A considerable difference of three order of magnitudes is observed in the phase fraction of the precipitates. The same difference could be noticed for the number density. In both diagrams, three steps for the increase can be distinguished. The curve for the mean radius has a wavy form showing minima at the time frames of the sudden increases of the phase fraction and number density. |
| | |
| | |
| |
